This concludes an example of finishing incomplete grief.
 

Key Divorce-related Losses

        As a family divorces, all bonded family members experience a web of significant invisible and tangible losses over many years. If family adults discourage healthy mourning, the odds of significant  incomplete or blocked grief in some members are high - specially if one or more adults were controlled by protective false selves. This seemed to have been true of Pat and probably Ray.

        Over several weeks of reflection, using these loss inventories and talking with divorced friends, Pat identified many physical and invisible bonds that broke because of their family's evolving divorce. Examples of the invisible losses include...

  • "I lost some self-respect because of our divorce. Part of me believes that I shouldn't have married Ray, and that I caused our divorce. Another part of me blames Ray." And...

  • "I've lost some self-confidence. Am I really able to choose a healthy partner and maintain a primary relationship? Is there something wrong with me?" And...

  • "I've lost the comfort of having a trusted, loving partner I could talk with and depend on to be there in all situations. I began losing that some years before we split up. And..."

  • "I've lost the freedom of never having to go through 'the dating' thing' again, and possibly having to deal with the stresses of forming a stepfamily. And..."

  • "I lost my cherished dream of living in 'a normal, happy family' through my old age." and...

  • "I've lost my current and long-term financial security and some related freedoms. The kids and I have much less money now, despite Ray's child support payments." and...

  • "I've lost the certainty and pride of being a beloved child of God. My church says that divorce is a sin, and obviously Ray and I have broken our marital vows. I'm not sure what to believe about my 'sinning.' I never had to wonder about this before." And...

  • "I've lost my confidence that our kids were raised well and have a good start on their adult lives. I worry about how our family stress and divorce has impacted both kids' development, short and long-term - specially Steven. His school grades have dropped way down since Ray moved out; he seems isolated, angry, and secretive; and most of his friends seem to be pretty troubled.

      Stevie says he's not using drugs, but Lisa says he is. He refuses to consider counsel-ing, and says 'nothing's wrong, Mom!' I don't believe that, and I'm not sure what to do. Maybe I should see a counselor..." And...

  • "I've lost my freedom to be a full-time Mom and housewife. I'm really working two jobs now - co-parenting two busy teens, and selling real estate. I've also lost my former freedom from having to negotiate child visitations, holidays, health insurance, school activities, and financial support with Ray - and from wondering what will happen if he decides to date and remarry." And... 

  • I lost my identity as a married ('normal') woman. Some people are still scornful and biased against parents who divorce." And...

  • "I've lost some of my old shared-parenting role. With Ray not living here, I have more caregiving responsibility more often now. This feels more stressful." And...

  • "I've lost 16 priceless years of potential happiness and contentment. If I had made a wiser marital choice and had learned to problem-solve more effectively, I wouldn't have 'wasted' these years with Ray." (Pat later realized this was one of her subselves "talking," not her true Self.)

  • "I've lost pride in my appearance, and confidence in my health. I've gained about 20 pounds since our split-up, and I know I'm not eating well and exercising enough. I no longer have the time or energy to do those the way I used to. I'm uneasy about drinking more alcohol, too - and I don't like to think about that. I think my Dad's mother was an alcoholic, so I wonder... And..."

  • "I've lost the great pleasure I felt at (most of) our personal and family-holiday rituals, like family dinners, birthdays, our week-end barbecues and picnics, making Easter eggs together, campouts, vacations, anniversary gatherings, Independence Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. These will never be the same as they were for more than 17 years, including our courtship time. And..."

  • "I've lost valued relationships with most of Ray's relatives, and some of our mutual friends. I specially miss feeling close to his father Norman and sister Nancine." And...

        Pat has more divorce-related losses, but these are enough for our example. Note that her ex Ray, her kids Steven and Lisa, and many of their relatives and key friends have similar loss-clusters to mourn because of their family's reorganization into two co-parenting homes. Also note the difference between divorce-related changes, and losses.

        All losses are changes (which also require accepting and adapting to), but not all changes are losses (broken bonds). Finally, note that typical adults and kids in a new stepfamily have a large group of new losses like those above that need to be mourned - whether prior losses have been well grieved or not.

        As Pat identified her life losses - specially those related to their divorce - she felt drained, overwhel-med, and increasingly sad. Reviewing and naming her specific losses was very painful, and her true Self had to keep her long-range vision and steadily resist some protective subselves' urging her to quit.

        She reminded her subselves that the payoff was to be able to decide whether she was risking major health and relationship problems by avoiding her grief. As her loss inventory grew, Pat realized that she knew no one else who had evolved such an inventory or assessed for blocked grief.

+ + +

        Stretch, breathe, and recall the big picture. This Lesson-3 article proposes a framework for why and how to identify and finish incomplete grief. Let's continue with our example..

Option 5 - Assess for and Free up Incomplete Grief

        After several weeks of periodic study, meditation, discussions, and journaling, Pat has concluded "Neither my childhood or my marital family had the requisites for healthy mourning, so I may be avoiding  my grief and not knowing it. Now I need to...

  • identify which losses I may be denying; and whether I need to grieve them,

  • learn (a) why, and (b) what I need to resume (or finish) healthy grief. I also need to...

  • work on evolving and implementing a pro-grief policy in our home, and to...

  • learn how to assess and help Lisa and Stevie to (a) reduce any psychological wounds, and (b) progress on their mourning. I also need to...

  • decide if and how I should try to alert our other family members to what I'm learning about inner wounds and mourning our losses - starting with the kids' father Ray.

"Whew - this seems like a LOT of work!"

+ + +

        Yes, it IS. As ecologist Barry Commoner said, "The TANSTAFL principle applies - There Ain't No Such Thing as Free Lunch."

        If you're considering options like these, notice the difference between labeling them as boring, unsatisfying "work" and "rewarding self-care and healthy family nurturance." Your (subselves') attitudes about healing wounds and healthy mourning (and other things) makes a major difference!

Identify Losses that aren't Fully Accepted (Mourned) Yet

        There are at least three ways to check whether mourning a given loss is (a) accepted well enough, (b) in process (incomplete), or (c) blocked. Sometimes assessing this status isn't needed, because people intuit that they have or haven't grieved well enough.

        Caution - to protect anxious or shamed inner children, well-meaning Guardian subselves like the Magician may argue persuasively that grief is done "well enough" when it really isn't. This is the false-self wound of reality distortion at work.

        If someone like Pat (or you) feels ambivalent or unsure about their grieving status, they can take each key loss or a cluster of losses like those above, and...

  • research whether they have any of these common symptoms, and/or...

  • take each phase of the three levels of mourning, and ask "Have I really moved through this phase, for this loss?"; and/or...

  • hire a licensed, experienced grief counselor to help assess their mourning status - ideally, one who knows how to work with personality subselves; and perhaps...

  • Participate in an effective, knowledgeable physical or on-line grief-support group.

        To illustrate these options, we'll choose the cluster of losses that typical adults (specially par-ents) like Pat and Ray experience when they separate and divorce.

1) Check for Symptoms

        Pat took undistracted time to tailor this overview of the multi-year divorce process to her family's situation. She then applied her new awareness of her personal grief policy, which she had inherited from her parents.

        She acknowledged that her way of coping with the many losses she had experienced from their slow divorce process was similar to her mother's policy - "Just get on with (life), and don't whine, cry, or complain." Pat acknowledged some symptoms of blocking her cluster of divorce losses:

  • She was avoiding the collection of pre-divorce family photos and courtship and marriage-anniversary mementos - including her wedding ring - that were in a box in the garage. She didn't want to throw them out, and didn't want to look at them because of the discomfort (sadness + regret + guilt + anger) that would cause.

  • Pat realized a pattern: several weeks before their marriage anniversary, she began to get "depressed" (sad). She consciously avoided talking about their courtship and marriage - in general, and around their anniversary.

        Pat also saw that she tried to avoid co-parenting contact with Ray around their anniversary, and avoid mentioning him to the kids. The unspoken family rule that had emerged was "We (family members) will not mention our wedding anniversary or our divorce."

  • Another uncomfortable pattern: Pat realized she and Ray had each avoided asking Lisa and Stevie how they felt about their parents' divorcing, and what they missed (lost). She also recognized the same pattern of avoidance with her relatives. She didn't want to experience their pain, and feeling responsible for causing it. This could be promoting blocked grief in the kids.

  • Pat saw that at holiday times, she had pretended gaiety and cheer that she really didn't feel (and denied doing this), rather than honestly expressing her sadness over lost traditions and family togetherness.

        Another part of her current grieving policy became clear: "I'm responsible for how my actions affect other people, and I shouldn't inflict my sorrow on the people I care about." (A healthier policy: "I should try to be aware of other's feelings and needs, and respectfully accord others the responsibility for managing them, as I am responsible for my feelings and needs.")

  • She began to notice how other divorced parents talked (or didn't) about their marital and family split-up. Their anger, bitterness, and sarcasm helped her realized that she had numbed her strong anger at herself - and some of her anger at "life" ("Our divorce is so unfair!"), Ray, her parents, and their church.

        The more she thought about it, the more she realized - and felt - her deep resentment and anger that her parents and grandparents had not adequately prepared her to make a healthy marital commitment and to resolve major marital conflicts effectively. Pat reminded herself that feeling and respectfully expressing anger over a loss was a normal phase in the emotional level of "good grief."

        This led to reflecting on what her family, church, and society had taught her to believe about women and anger. This teaching netted out to "A good woman doesn't get angry, is patient and understanding, and should not feel or express anger at people she loves."

  • Pat realized that when her kids and others she cared about seemed to be sad, she tried to "cheer them up," and "look at the bright side." A better ("pro-grief") choice would be to empathically validate their feelings, ("You seem to be really sad right now.") and encourage them to feel and express current emotions honestly without guilt or anxiety.

        Her unconscious grief policy included the toxic rule "Sadness is painful and bad, and should be discouraged." With what she was learning, a healthier rule was "Sadness is a vital phase in our normal grief process, and should be respected and fully expressed rather than repressed or apologized for."

  • As she worked at Lesson 1 to reduce her psychological wounds, Pat studied addictions. She learned that the sugar in alcohol and "comfort foods" temporarily muted feeling painful emotions. So did most fats, tobacco, shallow breathing, and "antidepressant" drugs.

        She concluded that a diligent Guardian subself had been compulsively overusing alcohol and excessive fats and sugars to protect inner kids from feeling their sadness and anger at many losses, not just those from her divorce.

        Pat discovered more symptoms like these, which convinced her that she was (i.e. her subselves were) avoiding the pain of mourning some important childhood, teen, and divorce-related losses. That conclusion justified taking the next step...

2) Explore Why One or More Losses Aren't Accepted Yet

        This courageous middle-aged mother reviewed the three core causes of blocked grief:

  • significant psychological wounds (false-self dominance), and...

  • ignorance of healthy-grieving basics (Lesson 3) and unawareness of specific losses, and...

  • a social environment that hindered healthy grief.

        She felt she was making good progress with (a) learning "good grief" basics, (b) updating her personal grieving policy to healthier rules, and (c) starting to respectfully confront and/or avoid people who discouraged her from grieving well.

        That left identifying and working with the personality subselves that were withholding necessary internal permission to grieve well. She began to identify these subselves with respect and compassion, reminding herself that all her subselves were trying to protect her - tho some didn't trust her Self to do this effectively yet.

        Prior to this good-grief work, Pat had studied and experimented with ways to work with her subselves to cause healthy changes in their values, roles, perceptions, and allegiances. She drew on what she had learned to do this grief work.

        She picked one symptom of her blocked grief - pretending family-celebration cheer that some subselves really didn't feel. Pat acknowledged that that was being phony and dishonest (i.e. violating her integrity), and discouraged healthy mourning. Her true Self meditated on how to change her (other subselves') attitudes and behavior in order to be genuine and encourage her family members to grieve well.

        She decided that she wanted to:

  • be honest with other people about (express) her own grieving emotions and encourage them to do the same,

  • give able adults responsibility for managing their own feelings and filling their own needs without being insensitive to them, and...

  • exchange empathic support as they all grieved their respective lost family rituals.  

        She reminded herself that devoted Guardian subselves always act to protect one or more Inner Kids from discomfort or possible injury. Next, Pat reviewed the roster of her subselves that she'd evolved from her wound-recovery work.

        She imagined calling a council meeting of all her subselves in a safe, non-distracted place, and (her Self) asking those who needed her to pretend holiday gaiety to identify themselves. Pat tried this alien exercise several times, and followed her intuition.

        She found that a coalition of subselves needed her to pretend: her Moralizer, (Rule Keeper), Perfectionist, Magician, her Fantasizer, People Pleaser, Inner Critic, Guilty Girl, Abandoned Girl, and Shamed Girl,

        Pat called a meeting of these subselves to learn why they needed her to pretend false celebration gaiety rather than allow her Sad Child and resentful subselves to honestly express their feelings and needs to other family members. She learned that...

  • Her Moralizer insisted that she must "be responsible for her actions" and must not "selfishly" inflict her sadness on other people, because it "made them feel bad" (which was wrong);

  • Her People Pleaser predicted that if Pat honestly expressed her sadness at family gatherings, others would dislike, resent, and reject her. This terrified Pat's Abandoned Child;

  • Her tireless Inner Critic promised relentless scorn if Pat disobeyed the Moralizer's rules;

  • Pat's black/white Perfectionist insisted she had to behave "just right" (per the Moralizer's rules) in all situations, including family celebrations. Her Shamed Girl a and Guilty Girl strongly agreed;

  • Pat's Fantasizer and Magician wanted to preserve the illusion that family gatherings could be wonderful (ideal), despite their pretense (denials), repressed feelings, and prior losses;

  • Her Guilty Girl moaned that if Pat was honest about her sadness and "made others uncomfortable," she (the child) would "feel really bad" because she felt Pat was responsible for other's feelings. And the woman learned that...

  • In varying degrees, all these subselves distrusted Pat's true Self to keep them safe enough in family gatherings, and overruled her Sad Girl and angry Girl This meant they resisted her Self's request to change their attitudes and behavior

        Once Pat understood the values, fears, and goals of each of these subselves, she (a) intentionally kept a long-range outlook, and (b) patiently set out to persuade each of them to adopt a teamwork perspective and try some safe changes "to benefit all of us." This was part of her overall goal to build her subselves' trust in the wisdom and reliability of her Self and other Manager subselves, and to patiently grow their teamwork and harmony.

        As she worked at this, Pat watched for chances to describe what she was learning about healthy grief, subselves, inner wounds, and personal and grief "policies" to her kids and other family members - including her ex, Ray

        She tried hard not to be "preachy" or take responsibility for the other adults; and to be factual, brief, and encouraging. Many of her family members were ruled by false selves who were skeptical of, disinterested (i.e. "scared") in, and unempathic with her wound-recovery and grief work. To keep her balance, Pat often used these wise guidelines along the way.

        Over time, Pat's Self persuaded her subselves to relax their distrust and experiment with expressing family-celebration anger and sadness rather than pretending. Her coalition of protective subselves grudgingly acknowledged that no catastrophes happened, and everyone "survived."

        With coaching and instruction, her subselves began to appreciate and accept the benefits of healthy grief and the potential harm in blocking it. An important shift was steadily encouraging her subselves to change outdated childhood attitudes about self-sacrifice ("Always think of the other person / Don't be 'selfish!'") to adopt a new code of personal rights as a dignified person - without major anxiety, guilt or shame.

        Let's look briefly at a second vital focus of Pat's grief work, because it's common in typical Grown Wounded Children:

Was Pat Addicted?

       Premise - addiction is a universal subself strategy to mute or numb (medicate) major inner pain. Compulsive overuse of ethyl alcohol, nicotine, and some "street" drugs is compounded by developing a bodily craving for the chemicals. Each of the four types of addiction is a reliable way of avoiding the dis-comfort of healthy three-level grief.

        As her wounds receded, Pat had to confront a scary question: "Am I addicted to alcohol and/or eating too many fats and sugars to help avoid the discomfort of grieving?" To research this, she decided to stop drinking alcohol and snacking on high-sugar foods. She also challenged herself to limit her food portions, exercise more, and lose the extra 25 pounds she was carrying.

        Over a period of some weeks, she found that she could not stop using these chemicals or taking too many second helpings at dinner. She felt major guilt and frustration at gradually reverting to her old low-exercise lifestyle despite vowing not to.

        These results seemed to indicate that she was compulsively medicating her inner pain - i.e. that some well-meaning Guardian subselves felt she needed these chemical and eating rituals for immediate relief, despite their long-term health risks.

        Pat committed to using parts work to help her subselves choose healthier ways of self-comforting  and expressing and releasing their pain. First, she identified the subselves which seemed to cause her toxic compulsions. They included...

  • My Addict - a common Guardian subself who insisted that using the sugars and fats in alcohol and some foods was merited to reduce the discomforts of...

  • My Sad Girl, Lost Girl, Anxious Girl, Guilty Girl, and Abandoned Girl, whose combined intense feelings and thoughts were promoting major inner pain; and...

  • My true Self, Adult Woman and Health Director, who all say "Addiction is harmful - Stop!!"; and...

  • My Inner Critic - ("You're pathetic and weak. You can't keep your promises to yourself, can you?");

  • My Procrastinator - ("Ah, come on - you can diet and exercise tomorrow.  How about a little com-fort now?"); and...

  • My Magician / Rationalizer- ("Hey, you work hard for other people, and you deserve a little pleasure and comfort. What's a few extra pounds - you're not obese like some real overeaters. And you don't crave alcohol in the morning or have blackout like real alcoholics. No big deal - you're OK!" (denials)

        As with reducing her compulsion to pretend false gaiety, Pat patiently set out to change the ignorance and narrow immediate-gratification values of these subselves one or two at a time.

        Two fundamental goals were to...

  • connect her competent Inner Nurturer with each needy Inner Child, and to...

  • persuade her Guardian subselves to trust that her Self and other Managers would effectively help her needy little girls release their various discomforts.

        Pat knew that despite compelling dangers, typical Guardian subselves resisted healthy change because they feared they would no longer be needed, and lose their power and control. So she steadily reassured her Guardians that her Manager subselves would help each of them find interesting, valuable new personality roles, and stop self-medicating with toxic chemicals and comfort-rituals.

        She steadily encouraged all her subselves to meet and appreciate each other, and grow group pride and teamwork under the wise guidance of her Self (capital "S") and her Spiritual One. 

        See this series of Lesson-1 articles and/or the related guidebook for more on effective parts work.

        Pat patiently applied her growing awareness and subself cooperation to other specific childhood and divorce-related losses, despite some disdain and anxiety among her family members. She (her Self) also began expressing some long-repressed (loss-related) hurts, anger, and resentments at Ray, her parents, her kids, and - at times - some of her subselves.

        She worked to evolve a more balanced, healthy anger policy, and encourage the same in Stevie and Lisa. She worked to develop respectful ways to (a) express her anger and frustration, and (b) assert her needs and limits, rather than the ineffective ways she had learned as a child.

        You just read a brief illustration of two ways to (a) reduce inner wounds, and (b) identify incomplete grief and facilitate healthy progress. The first way is to learn about personality subselves, wounds, recovery, and healthy three-level grieving. Among other benefits from this learning, Pat became able to assess for unhealthy personal and family grief and anger policies, and personal and social permissions to grieve well.

        The second way is to use this new knowledge to (a) methodically identify life-losses, (b) check each of them for symptoms of blocked grief, and (c) patiently work to identify and retrain protective personality subselves who may be blocking effective mourning. Doing this is part of the larger goal of identifying and reducing any significant psychological wounds (Lesson 1).

        Two more options for forming a healthy grieving policy and identifying and freeing blocked grief are to...

3) Hire a Professional Grief Counselor and/or (4) Join a Support Group

        To augment her own wound-reduction and grief work, Pat decided to try professional grief therapy to guard against possible reality-distortions fostered by protective subselves - e.g. "I have grieved my child-hood losses well enough." She first researched the criteria for choosing an effective counselor. She felt that a qualified professional should...

  • be comfortable working with inner and outer family systems; and...

  • accept the Lesson-1 concepts of harmonizing personality subselves and reducing false-self wounds - or be open to learning about them; and...

  • be able to describe some comprehensive framework of good-grief basics, including...

    • requisitres for healthy grief,

    • the three levels and phases,

    • the causes and common effects of incomplete grief, and...

    • the idea of inner and outer permissions to grieve;

     and a qualified professional should have...

  • special training and significant experience in promoting healthy personal and family grief, and facilitating incomplete grief.

       Pat described these traits to her friends and coworkers and asked for referrals, but got none. Then she called local mental health agencies asking for grief therapists. She interviewed several, and chose a woman who came close enough to her criteria. Several sessions with the woman affirmed the wound-recovery and grief work she was already doing, and added several new options and resources - including trying out a local adult grief-support group.

        Pause and reflect - do you feel you may be incomplete or blocked in grieving some major life losses? If so, do the options above seem to be practical ways to assess for and reduce this stressor? If not - why not? Is your true Self answering, or "someone else"?

Summary Checklist

        To facilitate grieving any physical or abstract loss, get undistracted and check each statement that is clearly true:

__  1)  My true Self usually guides me right now.

__  2)  I can answer each of these questions about wounds and recovery with confidence now.

__  3)  I have honesty assessed myself for significant psychological wounds (Lesson 1).

__  4)  I'm committed to reducing my psychological wounds (freeing my true Self), and am making significant progress at doing so.

__  5)  I can accurately identify Grown Wounded Children (GWCs) now using this and this.

__  6)  I can answer each of these questions about bonds, losses, and healthy grief now.

__  7)  I have thoughtfully identified the major physical and invisible losses in my life, starting in early childhood.

__  8)  I have thoroughly assessed myself for incomplete grief using this 3-level concept and these symptoms, or equivalent

__  9)  I have thoughtfully written down my personal policy about grieving well, and I'm living by it.

__  10)  I'm clear on whether I have _ personal and _social permissions to grieve well now. If I lack either one, I'm actively correcting that now.

__  11)  I can clearly describe what kind of support typical grievers need, and I know how to provide it.

__  12)  I often use the Serenity Prayer, and I understand how it relates to helping others grieve well. 

        If you can't confidently check each item as true now, you may be ruled by a false self and may not be ready to facilitate healthy grief.

Facilitating Others' Grief

        If your feel your mate, relative, or dear friend hasn't finished grieving some key loss/es, consider these options...

  • Make sure your true Self is guiding you (Lesson 1), and choose a long-term outlook.

  • Use this and this to estimate whether your person is a Grown Wounded Child. If s/he is, motivating her or him to assess for psychological wounds must come before completing grief.

  • Use these options for giving effective feedback to another person to suggest that s/he study and apply Lesson 1 in this Web site. Defer discussing Lesson 3 until her or his true Self is usually in charge.

  • Let these ageless wisdoms guide you. You cannot make a wounded person want to recover or grieve, but you can "plant seeds."

  • Assess your person for addictions. They are an instinctive way to mute unbearable inner pain  (wounds). Stable sobriety from any addiction is needed before reducing psychological wounds (and grieving). Note also that any addiction usually indicates a low-nurturance home and family, which may be interfering with wound-reduction and healthy grieving.

  • If your person isn't ready to assess for psychological wounds and reduce them (hasn't hit bottom), you may talk about your own recovery and grieving process without expecting your person to change anything yet. See this for more options.

  • If s/he commits to empowering her/his true Self (true wound recovery), you may mention that unfin-ished grief can be toxic, and Lesson 3 is about learning how to grieve well. Then let go of feeling responsible for your person studying and acting on Lesson 3. If you feel compelled to rescue your person, check yourself for false-self dominance and codependence. Usually, rescuing someone (making them "feel better") is about your own comfort!

  • If your person is usually guided by his/her true Self, then ask if s/he will study and discuss Lesson 3 with you, and describe why you're asking. Option - ask your person to read this article with an open mind, and to discuss it with you. Whatever s/he decides to do, use these guidelines to support her or him while you progress on your own recovery and grieving. Finally,

  • If your person is raising kids, invite him or her to intentionally (a) teach their young people about healthy 3-level grief, (b) model it, and (c) intentionally create a pro-grief home for them. This will help to break the [wounds + unawareness] cycle in their family! 

        Pause and reflect - what are you thinking and feeling now? If you know someone who seems to be stuck in mourning, do you feel these options could help you and them? Use the options as flexible possibilities, not a rigid cookbook.

Recap

        From 32 years' clinical research, I propose that incomplete grief is a little-known, widespread stressor in people, their families, and our society. Lesson 3 in this self-improvement course focuses on healthy grieving basics.

        This Lesson-3 article describes a series of practical options for identifying and finishing incomplete grief. It includes an illustration of an average person acting on these options. The article closes with options for reacting to someone else's unfinished mourning.

        Pause, breathe, and recall why you read this article. Did you get what you needed? If so, what do you need now? If not, what do you need? Is there anyone you want to discuss these ideas with? Who's answering these questions - your wise resident true Self, or ''someone else''?

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Updated  January 13, 2012